Typical OpenGL programs issue a few small state change commands between draw call commands. We want the typical app's use case to be as fast as possible so this leads to unique performance challenges.
Vulkan is quite different from OpenGL because it requires a separate compiled VkPipeline for each state vector. Compiling VkPipelines is multiple orders of magnitude slower than enabling or disabling an OpenGL render state. To speed this up we use three levels of caching when transitioning states in the Vulkan back-end.
The outermost level is the driver's VkPipelineCache. The driver cache reduces pipeline recompilation time significantly. But even cached pipeline recompilations are orders of manitude slower than OpenGL state changes.
The second level cache is an ANGLE-owned hash map from OpenGL state vectors to compiled pipelines. See GraphicsPipelineCache in vk_cache_utils.h. ANGLE's GraphicsPipelineDesc class is a tightly packed 256-byte description of the current OpenGL rendering state. We also use a xxHash for the fastest possible hash computation. The hash map speeds up state changes considerably. But it is still significantly slower than OpenGL implementations.
To get best performance we use a transition table from each OpenGL state vector to neighbouring state vectors. The transition table points from GraphicsPipelineCache entries directly to neighbouring VkPipeline objects. When the application changes state the state change bits are recorded into a compact bit mask that covers the GraphicsPipelineDesc state vector. Then on the next draw call we scan the transition bit mask and compare the GraphicsPipelineDesc of the current state vector and the state vector of the cached transition. With the hash map we compute a hash over the entire state vector and then do a 256-byte memcmp to guard against hash collisions. With the transition table we will only compare as many bytes as were changed in the transition bit mask. By skipping the expensive hashing and memcmp we can get as good or faster performance than native OpenGL drivers.
Note that the current design of the transition table stores transitions in an unsorted list. If applications map from one state to many this will slow down the transition time. This could be improved in the future using a faster look up. For instance we could keep a sorted transition table or use a small hash map for transitions.
The current active PSO is stored as a handle in the ContextVk for use between draws with no state change.